Let's look at this more closely. If the frame rate actually doubles, the data rate doubles as well. However, in PH mode the data rate stays the same at 21 Mbps average no matter if you are shooting interlaced or progressive. It is the data rate that is important to the card speed and, if higher than the card can accommodate, the clips on the card can become corrupted.
Remember, we are storing the same amount of data in interlaced and progressive modes. One complete frame is still 1920x1080 or 1080x720...same amount of bits in both interlaced and progressive modes...only split into two fields in interlaced mode.
Chris, if you copied the clip and it was okay a second time, the likelihood of it being corrupted on the card are low. Something happened during capture. In my experience, Vegas is pretty robust and very seldom crashes. I'd suspect something going on outside of the program.